Spermidine, woyambitsa mphamvu ya kukonzanso maselo, amadziwika kuti ndi "kasupe wa unyamata." Micronutrient iyi ndi polyamine ndipo imapangidwa makamaka ndi mabakiteriya am'matumbo m'matupi athu. Kuphatikiza apo, spermidine imathanso kutengeka ndi thupi kudzera mukudya. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti spermidine, kaya amaperekedwa kunja kapena opangidwa ndi ma microbiome amthupi, amagwira ntchito molumikizana.
Kuchuluka kwa amkati spermidine kungachepe ndi zaka, ndipo pangakhale kugwirizana pakati pa izi ndi kuwonongeka kwa zaka zokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi. Spermidine imapezeka muzakudya zambiri, ndipo mphesa ndi imodzi mwazakudya zolemera kwambiri za spermidine. Kafukufuku wina wapeza kuti spermidine sikuti imangochepetsa ukalamba komanso imalimbikitsa thanzi komanso moyo wautali. Zotsatirazi zimapangitsa spermidine kukhala imodzi mwamitu yotentha kwambiri pa kafukufuku wamakono.
Mu zamoyo, minofu woipa waspermidinekuchepa m'njira yodalira zaka; komabe, athanzi 90- ndi centenarians ali ndi milingo ya spermidine pafupi ndi ya achinyamata (azaka zapakati). Kafukufuku wa epidemiological adawonetsa ubale wabwino pakati pa kudya kwa spermidine ndi thanzi laumunthu. Otenga nawo mbali 829 azaka 45-84 adatsatiridwa kwa zaka 15. Kudya kwa Spermidine kunkayerekezedwa zaka 5 zilizonse kutengera mafunso pafupipafupi azakudya. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti anthu omwe amamwa kwambiri ma spermidine amachepetsa chiwopsezo cha khansa ndi matenda amtima ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi kupulumuka bwino.
◆ Njira yoletsa kukalamba
Mu 2023, "Cell" idasindikiza nkhani kuti pali zizindikiro 12 zakukalamba, kuphatikiza kusakhazikika kwa ma genome, telomere attrition, kusintha kwa epigenetic, kutayika kwa protein homeostasis, kulephera kwa macroautophagy, kusokonezeka kwa michere, kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mitochondrial, ndi ma cell senescence. Kutopa kwa maselo a tsinde, kusintha kwa kulumikizana kwa ma cell, kutupa kosatha, ndi dysbiosis.
●Kuyambitsa matenda a autophagy
Pakalipano, kulowetsedwa kwa autophagy kumaonedwa kuti ndi njira yaikulu yomwe spermidine imachedwetsa kukalamba. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti spermidine imapangitsa dephosphorylation ya protein kinase B, zomwe zimayambitsa kunyamula kwa forkhead box transcript factor O (FoxO) ku phata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchulukidwe kwa FoxO target gene autophagy microtubule-yogwirizana ndi protein 3 (LC3) ). Limbikitsani autophagy.
Kuphatikiza apo, spermidine yapezeka kuti imathandizira kuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa majeremusi aakazi omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndikusunga chonde kwa akazi. Kafukufuku wachipatala wa chaka chonse adapeza kuti milingo ya umuna idakulitsidwa mwa odzipereka athanzi amuna atadyetsedwa spermidine; mu kafukufuku wa 2022, kafukufuku adawona odwala 377 acute myocardial infarction (AMI). anapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi spermidine apamwamba m'magazi awo anali ndi mwayi wopulumuka kuposa odwala matenda a mtima omwe ali ndi spermidine yochepa; nyuzipepala ya 2021 inapeza kuti kudya zakudya zambiri za spermidine Pali mgwirizano pakati pa mlingo ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa chidziwitso mwa anthu, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri ubongo pakuwongolera kuzindikira komanso kupewa matenda a ubongo okhudzana ndi ukalamba.
●Chepetsani kukalamba kwa telomere
Kukalamba kumayambitsa kufooka kwa ma cell, ma cellular, ndi thupi, kuphatikiza kulephera kwa mtima, neurodegeneration, metabolic maladaptation, telomere attrition, ndi tsitsi. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, pa mlingo wa maselo, kuthekera koyambitsa autophagy (makina akuluakulu a spermidine) amachepetsa ndi zaka, chinthu chomwe chimapezeka m'mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo ndipo chimaganiziridwa kuti chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi ukalamba. .
● Antioxidant ndi anti-inflammatory effects
Kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimatsogolera kukalamba komanso kuwonongeka kwa maselo. Spermidine ali ndi antioxidant katundu. Ofufuzawo anadyetsa mbewa spermidine exogenous kwa miyezi itatu ndikuwona kusintha kwa thumba losunga mazira. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha spermidine, gulu, chiwerengero cha atrophic follicles (follicles degenerated) chinachepetsedwa kwambiri, ntchito ya antioxidant enzyme inawonjezeka, ndipo malondialdehyde (MDA) milingo yachepa, yomwe ingachepetse milingo ya okosijeni yokhazikika (ROS), kuwonetsa kuchepa kwa oxidative mu spermidine. -gulu lothandizidwa.
Kutupa kosatha kumawoneka ngati kosapeweka tikamakalamba. Kuwonjezeka kwa spermidine kumathandiza kulimbikitsa kupanga ma cytokines odana ndi kutupa pamene amachepetsa kupanga ma cytokines oletsa kutupa. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti spermidine imathandizanso kuti ma macrophages azikhala odana ndi kutupa.
●Kuletsa kukalamba kwa maselo
Spermidine imalimbikitsa ntchito ya mitochondrial ndi kupanga keratin m'maselo a epithelial stem, kuonetsetsa kusinthika kwa minofu ndi tsitsi.
Spermidinendi polyamine pawiri yomwe imapezeka mwachilengedwe mu zamoyo. Popeza ndi gulu la polyamine, lili ndi magulu angapo amino (-NH2). Maguluwa amapatsanso mwayi wapadera komanso wofunikira Kukoma kwa dzinali.
Ndi chifukwa cha magulu a aminowa kuti amatha kuyanjana ndi ma biomolecules osiyanasiyana ndikugwira ntchito za thupi mkati mwa maselo. Mwachitsanzo, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa maselo, kusiyanitsa, kuwongolera ma jini, komanso kuletsa kukalamba.
Anti kukalamba
Mlingo wa Spermidine ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ukalamba wa thupi. Pamene thupi limakalamba, umuna wa spermidine m'thupi umachepanso. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti spermidine amatha kuchedwetsa ukalamba wa maselo monga yisiti maselo ndi maselo a mammalian, ndi kuwonjezera moyo wa invertebrate chitsanzo zamoyo monga Drosophila melanogaster ndi Caenorhabditis elegans ndi mbewa.
Pakalipano, kulowetsedwa kwa autophagy kwatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zomwe spermidine imachepetsa ukalamba ndikuwonjezera moyo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pambuyo pochotsa majini ofunikira kuti autophagy muukalamba yisiti, Drosophila ndi otukuka mammalian maselo, nyama chitsanzo ichi sanakhale ndi moyo wautali atalandira chithandizo ndi spermidine. Kuonjezera apo, spermidine imagwiranso ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kuchepetsa histone acetylation.
Antioxidant
Spermidine ili ndi ntchito zazikulu za antioxidant, ndipo imatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi ukalamba chifukwa cha antioxidant yake. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti spermidine akhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri milingo ya oxidant malondialdehyde ndi kuonjezera milingo ya antioxidant kuchepetsa glutathione mu ubongo wa makoswe.
Spermidine supplementation idathandiziranso ntchito ya ma electron transport chain complexes mu mitochondria yaubongo wokalamba, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwake kwa antioxidant pamlingo wa mitochondrial. Spermidine amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha chifukwa cha kukalamba koyambitsa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni mwa kuwongolera autophagy, milingo ya antioxidant komanso kuchepetsa neuroinflammation.
Kafukufuku wapeza kuti spermidine imateteza kuwonongeka kwa maselo a H2O2 mwa kulepheretsa kuwonjezeka kwa Ca2 + m'maselo a epithelial a retinal pigment.
Anti-kutupa
Spermidine imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zotsutsa-kutupa, ndipo njira yake imagwirizana ndi kulepheretsa kupanga zinthu zowonongeka, kulimbikitsa kupanga zinthu zotsutsa-kutupa, komanso kukhudza polarization ya macrophages.
Kafukufuku wapeza kuti spermidine akhoza kuchepetsa milingo ovomereza yotupa zinthu monga interleukin 6 ndi chotupa necrosis factor mu seramu mbewa ndi kolajeni-anachititsa nyamakazi, kuonjezera mlingo wa IL-10, ziletsa polarization wa M1 macrophages mu synovial minofu. , ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha nyamakazi. Maselo a mbewa a synovial akuchulukirachulukira ndipo maselo otupa amalowa, akuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino zotsutsana ndi kutupa.
Sinthani kuzindikira
M'zaka za anthu, vuto lachidziwitso lokhudzana ndi ukalamba likukulirakulira. Spermidine, monga autophagy inducer, yasonyezedwa kuti ili ndi zotsatira zotsitsimula pakuchepa kwa chidziwitso.
Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti mu ukalamba ntchentche za zipatso, milingo ya spermidine imachepa, yomwe imatsagana ndi kuchepa kwa kukumbukira. Spermidine supplementation yodyetsedwa ndi ntchentche imachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa kukumbukira mu ntchentche zokalamba poletsa kusintha kwapangidwe ndi kachitidwe ka ntchito ya presynaptic chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a synaptic ndi mapuloteni omanga.
Spermidine muzakudya amatha kudutsa chotchinga chamagazi ndi ubongo wa mbewa, kuwonjezera kupuma kwa mitochondrial mu minofu ya mbewa, ndikuwongolera chidziwitso cha mbewa. Pamaziko a kuyesa kwa nyama, maphunziro ena aumunthu atsimikiziranso kuti spermidine imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuzindikira.
Tetezani mtima
Spermidine imatha kuteteza thanzi la mtima ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zambiri monga kupewa kukalamba kwa mtima, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso kuchepetsa kulephera kwa mtima. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti spermidine supplementation imatha kupititsa patsogolo mtima autophagy ndi mitophagy mu mbewa, kukhala ndi mphamvu yoteteza mtima komanso kuchepetsa kukalamba kwa mtima.
Mu mbewa okalamba, zakudya spermidine supplementation bwino mawotchi elasticity ndi kagayidwe kachakudya katundu wa cardiomyocytes, potero kutalikitsa moyo ndi kupewa ukalamba kuchititsa mtima hypertrophy ndi stiffness. Maphunziro a Epidemiological mwa anthu amasonyeza kuti spermidine ili ndi zotsatira zofanana zotetezera pa thanzi la mtima waumunthu. Kudya kwa Spermidine muzakudya zamunthu kumalumikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi matenda amtima. Izi zimatha spermidine kutsegula njira zatsopano zochizira matenda amtima.
Panopa udindo wa chitukuko ndi ntchito spermidine
Spermidine ndi polyamine yochitika mwachilengedwe. The zokhudza thupi zili spermidine ndi zachilengedwe, ogwira, otetezeka ndi sanali poizoni. Ndi kafukufuku wozama wa zotsatira za thupi la spermidine, zasonyeza kufunika kogwiritsira ntchito m'madera ambiri monga mankhwala, chakudya chaumoyo, ulimi, zodzoladzola ndi zina zotero.
Mankhwala
Spermidine ili ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana za thupi monga odana ndi ukalamba, odana ndi kutupa, odana ndi khansa, ndi bwino kuzindikira. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupewa ndi kuchiza osteoarthritis, mitsempha maselo kuwonongeka, matenda amtima ndi matenda ena. Spermidine imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachipatala. Chithandizo cha matenda chili ndi chiyembekezo chakukula bwino.
Chakudya chaumoyo
Kugwiritsa ntchito "spermidine" ndi "ntchito zopangira chakudya zopangira" monga mawu osakira pakufufuza kwa data m'malo ambiri, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti "spermidine" kapena "spermine" imatanthauzidwa ngati zida zopangira chakudya, ndipo spermidine idagulitsidwa pamsika ndi spermidine. . Chakudya chopatsa thanzi chokhala ndi amine monga chopangira chachikulu.
Mankhwala okhudzana ndi thanzi la Spermidine ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mapiritsi, ufa ndi mitundu ina ya mlingo. Lili ndi ntchito zoletsa kukalamba, kukonza kugona, komanso kukonza chitetezo chokwanira; ufa wachilengedwe wa spermidine wotengedwa ku nyongolosi ya tirigu umatsimikizira chiyero chapamwamba komanso ntchito yayikulu ya spermidine.
Ulimi
Monga chowongolera kukula kwa mbewu, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakunja kwa spermidine kumatha kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zomera chifukwa cha kupsinjika monga kutentha kwakuya kwa okosijeni, kutentha pang'ono ndi kuzizira, hypoxia, mchere wambiri, chilala, kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kulowa mkati, ndipo kumathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa mbewu. . Udindo wake wofunikira paulimi wakopa chidwi pang'onopang'ono. Exogenous spermidine imachepetsa kulepheretsa kwa chilala pakukula kwa manyuchi okoma komanso kukulitsa chilala cha mbande zotsekemera. Kutengera ntchito yofunikira ya spermidine pakukula kwa mbewu, ili ndi ma patent angapo opangidwa pazaulimi. Kufufuza ndi kupanga zinthu zaulimi za spermidine ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito spermidine m'munda waulimi ndizofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chaulimi.
Zodzikongoletsera
Spermidine ali ndi antioxidant, odana ndi ukalamba, ndi kulimbikitsa autophagy zotsatira, ndipo ndi zabwino zodzikongoletsera zopangira. Pakadali pano, pali zinthu zosamalira khungu monga zonona zoletsa kukalamba za spermidine ndi mkaka wa spermidine essence pamsika. Kuphatikiza apo, spermidine ili ndi zovomerezeka zingapo zofufuzira m'munda wa zodzoladzola padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza kuyera, kuletsa kukalamba kwa khungu, komanso kukonza makwinya amaso. Kafukufuku wozama wokhudza momwe spermidine amagwirira ntchito, kukulitsa mafomu ake ogwiritsira ntchito, ndikuwunika chitetezo ndi zotsatirapo zake zikuyembekezeka kupatsa ogula njira zotetezeka komanso zogwira mtima zosamalira khungu.
Mwa anthu, kuzungulira milingo yaspermidine Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'gulu lotsika la ma micromolar, makamaka chifukwa cha zakudya zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa umuna wa spermidine. Ngakhale amawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu. Komabe, tikamakalamba, kuchuluka kwa spermidine m'maselo a thupi lathu kumachepa. Exogenous spermidine supplementation imasintha kusintha kokhudzana ndi ukalamba ndikuchedwetsa ukalamba.
● Prescine/spermine metabolism
M'maselo a mammalian, spermidine amapangidwa kuchokera ku precursor putrescine (yokha yopangidwa kuchokera ku ornithine) kapena ndi kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni kwa spermine.
●Gut microbiota
Intestinal microbiota ndi gwero lofunikira la kaphatikizidwe ka spermidine. Mu mbewa, kuchuluka kwa spermidine mu lumen ya m'mimba kwasonyezedwa kuti kumadalira mwachindunji colonic microbiota.
● Zakudya
Spermidine yomwe imalowetsedwa kuchokera ku chakudya imatha kutengeka mwachangu m'matumbo ndikugawidwa m'thupi, kotero kuti kudya zakudya zokhala ndi spermidine kumathandizira kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa spermidine m'thupi.
●Spermidine supplements
Mankhwala okhudzana ndi thanzi la Spermidine ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mapiritsi, ufa ndi mitundu ina ya mlingo. Lili ndi ntchito zoletsa kukalamba, kukonza kugona, komanso kukonza chitetezo chokwanira; ufa wachilengedwe wa spermidine wotengedwa ku nyongolosi ya tirigu umatsimikizira chiyero chapamwamba komanso ntchito yayikulu ya spermidine.
Kuyera ndi Ubwino
Pogula ufa wa spermidine, ndikofunika kuika patsogolo chiyero ndi khalidwe. Yang'anani zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zapamwamba kwambiri ndipo zoyesedwa mwamphamvu kuti zikhale zoyera komanso zogwira mtima. Moyenera, sankhani zinthu zopangidwa m'mafakitale omwe amatsatira Njira Zabwino Zopangira (GMP) kuti muwonetsetse kuti zili bwino komanso zotetezeka.
Bioavailability
Bioavailability imatanthawuza kuthekera kwa thupi kuyamwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu. Posankha ufa wa spermidine, ganizirani za bioavailability ya mankhwalawa. Yang'anani njira yopangidwira kuti muzitha kuyamwa bwino, chifukwa izi zidzatsimikizira kuti thupi lanu lingagwiritse ntchito bwino spermidine kuti lipereke ubwino wake wathanzi.
Kuwonetsetsa komanso kuyesa kwa chipani chachitatu
Njira yopezera ndi kupanga ufa wodalirika wa spermidine iyenera kukhala yowonekera. Yang'anani mtundu womwe umapereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chokhudza kupezedwa kwa zosakaniza zawo komanso kupanga zinthu zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyesa kwa chipani chachitatu ndi ma labotale odziyimira pawokha kumatsimikizira mtundu wazinthu komanso chiyero. Yang'anani zinthu zomwe zayesedwa ndi mabungwe ena kuti atsimikizire kuti ndizothandiza komanso zotetezeka.
Mlingo ndi Kukula kwake
Mukamagula ufa wa spermidine, ganizirani za mlingo ndi kukula kwake komwe kumagwirizana ndi zosowa zanu. Mankhwala ena angapereke kuchuluka kwa spermidine pa kutumikira, pamene mankhwala ena angapereke mlingo wochepa. Ndikofunika kudziwa mlingo woyenera malinga ndi zolinga za umoyo wanu ndikuwonana ndi dokotala pakafunika.
Chinsinsi ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera
Spermidine ufa umapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mlingo, kuphatikizapo kapisozi, ufa kapena mawonekedwe amadzimadzi. Ganizirani kuti ndi mtundu uti womwe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wanu komanso zomwe mumakonda. Kuonjezera apo, mankhwala ena amatha kukhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera zotsatira za spermidine kapena kusintha kukoma kwake. Samalani zosakaniza zilizonse zowonjezera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe mumakonda komanso zoletsa.
Ndemanga zamakasitomala ndi mbiri yake
Musanagule, khalani ndi nthawi yofufuza mbiri ya mtunduwo ndikuwerenga ndemanga za makasitomala. Yang'anani ndemanga kuchokera kwa anthu omwe agwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuti adziwe momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino komanso zotsatira zake. Ma brand omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino komanso ndemanga zabwino zamakasitomala amatha kupereka ufa wodalirika komanso wapamwamba kwambiri wa spermidine.
Mtengo vs mtengo
Ngakhale mtengo suyenera kukhala chinthu chokhacho chosankha, ndikofunikira kuganizira zamtengo wapatali potengera mtengo wake. Fananizani mtengo wa ufa wosiyanasiyana wa spermidine ndikuganizira za mtundu, chiyero, ndi maubwino owonjezera a chinthu chilichonse. Kuyika mu ufa wapamwamba wa spermidine kungapereke ubwino wambiri wathanzi.
Suzhou Myland Pharm's Spermidine Powder-Chakudya chapamwamba kwambiri
Ku Suzhou Myland Pharm, tadzipereka kupereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri pamitengo yabwino kwambiri. Ufa wathu wa spermidine umayesedwa mwamphamvu kuti ukhale woyera ndi potency, kuonetsetsa kuti mumapeza chowonjezera chapamwamba chomwe mungakhulupirire. Kaya mukufuna kuthandizira thanzi la ma cell, kulimbikitsa chitetezo chamthupi kapena kukulitsa thanzi labwino, ufa wathu wa spermidine ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri.
Ndi zaka 30 zachidziwitso komanso motsogozedwa ndiukadaulo wapamwamba komanso njira zokongoletsedwa bwino za R&D, Suzhou Myland Pharm yapanga zinthu zambiri zampikisano ndikukhala kampani yowonjezera ya sayansi ya moyo, kaphatikizidwe kazinthu ndi ntchito zopanga.
Kuphatikiza apo, Suzhou Myland Pharm ndiwopanganso zolembedwa ndi FDA. Zothandizira zamakampani za R&D, malo opangira, ndi zida zowunikira ndi zamakono komanso zimagwira ntchito zambiri, ndipo zimatha kupanga mankhwala kuchokera ku ma milligrams mpaka matani mu sikelo, ndikutsatira miyezo ya ISO 9001 ndi mafotokozedwe a GMP.
Q: Kodi ufa wa spermidine ndi chiyani ndipo umagwirizana bwanji ndi ukalamba?
A: Spermidine ndi chilengedwe cha polyamine chomwe chimapezeka muzakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso thupi la munthu. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti spermidine ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsutsana ndi ukalamba polimbikitsa thanzi la ma cell ndi moyo wautali.
Q: Kodi ufa wa spermidine umagwira ntchito bwanji polimbana ndi ukalamba?
A: Spermidine imakhulupirira kuti imayambitsa ndondomeko ya ma cell yotchedwa autophagy, yomwe imathandiza kuchotsa maselo owonongeka ndikulimbikitsanso kusinthika kwa maselo athanzi. Njira imeneyi imaganiziridwa kuti imathandizira kwambiri kuchedwetsa ukalamba.
Q: Ndi phindu lanji lomwe lingakhalepo potenga ufa wa spermidine kuti ukalamba?
A: Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti spermidine supplementation ingathandize kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la mtima, ubongo, ndi moyo wautali. Zitha kukhalanso ndi phindu pa thanzi la khungu komanso chitetezo chamthupi.
Q: Kodi ndingatsimikizire bwanji ubwino wa ufa wa spermidine pogula pa intaneti?
Yankho: Yang'anani ogulitsa odziwika komanso okhazikika omwe ali ndi mbiri yopereka zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Yang'anani ndemanga zamakasitomala ndi mavoti kuti muwone kudalirika kwa ogulitsa.
Chodzikanira: Nkhaniyi ndi yachidziwitso chokhacho ndipo siyenera kuwonedwa ngati upangiri wachipatala. Zina mwazolemba zamabulogu zimachokera pa intaneti ndipo sizodziwika. Webusaitiyi ili ndi udindo wokonza, kusanja ndi kusintha zolemba. Cholinga chopereka zambiri sikutanthauza kuti mukugwirizana ndi maganizo ake kapena kutsimikizira kuti zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi ndi zoona. Nthawi zonse funsani dokotala musanagwiritse ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena kusintha ndondomeko yanu yachipatala.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-28-2024
