Onse ketoni ndi esters ndi awiri mwa magulu ofunika kwambiri ogwira ntchito mu organic chemistry. Amapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana achilengedwe ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazachilengedwe komanso zamankhwala. Ngakhale kuti amafanana, makhalidwe awo ndi makhalidwe awo ndi osiyana kwambiri. Tiyeni tifufuze zomwe ma ketoni ndi esters ali, momwe amasiyanirana, momwe amafanana, ndi zomwe amatanthauza mu chemistry ndi biology.
Ma Ketoni ndi gulu lazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi gulu la carbonyl (C = O) pakati pa molekyulu. Ma Ketoni ali ndi magulu awiri a alkyl kapena aryl omwe amamangiriridwa ku carbonyl carbon. Chosavuta mwa izi ndi acetone, yomwe ili ndi formula (CH3)2CO. Amapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafuta m'thupi. Amadziwikanso kuti matupi a ketone, matupi a ketone ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa pamene thupi lanu limayamba kuphwanya mafuta m'malo mwa chakudya chamafuta.
Matupi a Ketone amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta acids m'chiwindi ndikutulutsidwa m'magazi, komwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu lama cell ndi ziwalo za thupi. Thupi likakhala mu ketosis, limadalira ma ketoni monga gwero lake lalikulu lamafuta, osati shuga, chifukwa chake zakudya za ketogenic zakhala zikudziwika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Komabe, ma ketoni samangopangidwa panthawi yosala kudya kapena zakudya za ketogenic. Amathanso kupangidwa thupi likakhala ndi nkhawa, monga pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri, kapena ngati insulini ikusowa m'thupi, zomwe zimachitika mwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga.
Ma ketoni atatu amapangidwa panthawi ya ketosis: acetone, acetoacetate, ndi beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Pakati pawo, acetone ndi ketone yomwe imatulutsidwa m'thupi mwa kupuma, yomwe imatulutsa fungo lokoma kapena lokoma mu mpweya, lomwe limadziwika kuti "keto breath". Izi zitha kukhala chizindikiro choti thupi lanu lalowa mu ketosis. Acetoacetate, ketone ina, imapangidwa m'chiwindi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maselo amthupi kuti apange mphamvu. Komabe, imasinthanso kukhala BHB, mtundu wofala kwambiri wa ketone m'magazi panthawi ya ketosis. BHB imatha kuwoloka chotchinga chamagazi-ubongo, potero imalimbikitsa ubongo ndipo imatha kumveketsa bwino m'maganizo ndikuyang'ana.
Esters ndi mankhwala okhala ndi RCOOR ', pomwe R ndi R' ali gulu lililonse lachilengedwe. Esters amapangidwa pamene ma carboxylic acid ndi ma alcohols amachita pansi pa acidic ndikuchotsa molekyulu yamadzi. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mumafuta ofunikira komanso zipatso zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwa nthochi zakupsa kumachokera ku ester yotchedwa isoamyl acetate.Esters ali ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunika m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
1. Mafuta onunkhira
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi esters ndi zonunkhiritsa ndi zonunkhiritsa chifukwa cha fungo lawo lokoma, lopatsa zipatso komanso losangalatsa, komanso zimathandizira kununkhira kwazinthu zonse, ndikupangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azikonda kwambiri.
2. Kukoma kwa chakudya
Mapangidwe apadera a esters amawalola kuti apereke fungo la fruity ndi maluwa, choncho esters amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani a zakudya, makamaka mu zokometsera. Ndizofala kwambiri muzakudya zambiri kuphatikizapo confectionery, zophika ndi zakumwa. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ma esters akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokometsera zopangira ndipo akhala zopangira zofunika pazakudya zambiri.
3. Pulasitiki
Monga mapulasitiki, ma esters amapangitsa mapulasitiki kukhala osinthika komanso olimba. Chifukwa chake ma esters amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana, komanso amathandizira kuti mapulasitiki asamawonongeke pakapita nthawi. Izi ndizofunikira pazinthu zolimba monga zida zamagalimoto kapena zida zamankhwala.
4. Zosungunulira
Chifukwa esters amatha kusungunula zinthu zachilengedwe monga mafuta, utomoni ndi mafuta. Choncho, esters ndi othandiza m'mafakitale ambiri monga zosungunulira zosungunulira zinthu zina. Esters ndi zosungunulira zabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza popanga utoto, ma varnish ndi zomatira.
Poyerekeza ma ketoni ndi esters, titha kupeza kuti kusiyana pakati pa ma ketoni ndi esters kumakhala makamaka pazinthu izi:
1. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma ketoni ndi esters kumakhala makamaka mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala. Gulu la carbonyl la ketoni lili pakati pa mpweya wa carbonyl, pamene gulu la carbonyl la esters limapezeka kumapeto kwa carbon chain. Kusiyana kwapangidweku kumabweretsa kusiyana kwa thupi ndi mankhwala.
●Matupi a Ketoni ndi ma organic compounds okhala ndi gulu la carbonyl lopangidwa ndi atomu ya okosijeni yomangika kawiri ku atomu ya kaboni yomwe ili pakati pa tcheni cha kaboni. Njira yawo yamankhwala ndi R-CO-R', pomwe R ndi R' ndi alkyl kapena aryl. Ma ketoni amapangidwa ndi okosijeni wa ma alcohols achiwiri kapena kupasuka kwa carboxylic acid. Amakhalanso ndi keto-enol tautomerism, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kukhalapo mumitundu yonse ya ketone ndi enol. Ma Ketones amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zosungunulira, zinthu za polima ndi mankhwala.
●Esters ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi gulu la carbonyl kumapeto kwa unyolo wa carbon ndi gulu la R lomwe limamangiriridwa ku atomu ya oxygen. Njira yawo yamankhwala ndi R-COOR', pomwe R ndi R' ndi alkyl kapena aryl. Esters amapangidwa ndi momwe ma carboxylic acid ndi ma alcohols pamaso pa chothandizira. Amakhala ndi fungo la zipatso ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta onunkhira, ma essences ndi plasticizers.
2.Kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa ketoni ndi esters ndiko kuwira kwawo. Kuwira kwa matupi a ketoni ndikwambiri kuposa ma esters chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu zamphamvu zama intermolecular. Gulu la carbonyl mu ketone limatha kupanga ma hydrogen bond ndi mamolekyu apafupi a ketone, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zamphamvu zapakati. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma esters ali ndi mphamvu zofooka za intermolecular chifukwa cha kulephera kwa maatomu a oxygen mu gulu la R kupanga ma hydrogen bond ndi mamolekyu a ester oyandikana nawo.
3.Kuphatikiza apo, reactivity ya ketoni ndi esters ndi yosiyana. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu awiri a alkyl kapena aryl kumbali zonse za gulu la carbonyl, ketoni imakhala yothamanga kwambiri kuposa esters. Maguluwa amatha kupereka ma elekitironi ku carbonyl, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta kwambiri ku nucleophilic attack. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma esters sachitapo kanthu chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa gulu la alkili kapena aryl pa atomu ya okosijeni. Gululi limatha kupereka ma elekitironi ku atomu ya okosijeni, ndikupangitsa kuti isavutike kwambiri ndi nucleophilic attack.
4. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, malo otentha ndi reactivity ya ketoni ndi esters, kusiyana kwa ntchito zawo kumatsimikiziridwa. Ketoni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zosungunulira, zinthu za polima ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pomwe esters amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonunkhira, zokometsera ndi mapulasitiki. Ma ketoni amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zowonjezera mafuta mu petulo, pomwe esters amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta m'makina.
Tikudziwa kale tsatanetsatane wa ketoni ndi esters, ndiye pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ketoni, esters ndi ether?
Choyamba, tiyenera kudziwa kuti ether ndi chiyani? ether ili ndi atomu ya okosijeni yolumikizidwa ku maatomu awiri a kaboni. Ndi mankhwala omwe amadziwika chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. ether nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda mtundu, yocheperako kuposa madzi, ndipo ndi yabwino kusungunulira zinthu zina monga mafuta ndi mafuta. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zowonjezera mafuta mu injini zamafuta kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a injini.
Pambuyo pomvetsetsa mapangidwe a mankhwala ndi ntchito za zitatuzi, tikhoza kudziwa bwino kuti kusiyana pakati pa ketoni, esters ndi ether kumaphatikizapo mbali ziwiri zotsatirazi:
1. Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri zomwe tingapeze pakati pa ketoni, esters, ndi ether ndi magulu awo ogwira ntchito. Ma Ketoni ali ndi magulu a carbonyl, esters ali ndi ester-COO- maulalo, ndipo ether alibe magulu ogwira ntchito. Ma ketoni ndi esters amagawana zofanana muzinthu zama mankhwala. Mankhwala onsewa ndi a polar ndipo amatha kupanga ma hydrogen bond ndi mamolekyu ena, koma ma hydrogen mu ketoni amakhala amphamvu kuposa omwe ali mu esters, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutentha kwambiri.
2.Kusiyana kwina kofunikira ndikuti atatuwa ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana
(1)Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma ketoni ndi monga chosungunulira cha utomoni, sera, ndi mafuta. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mankhwala abwino, mankhwala ndi agrochemicals. Matupi a ketone monga acetone amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulasitiki, ulusi ndi utoto.
(2)Ma Ester amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani azakudya ndi zodzoladzola chifukwa cha fungo lawo labwino komanso kukoma kwake. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zosungunulira za inki, ma varnish ndi ma polima. Esters amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga utomoni, plasticizers ndi surfactants.
(3)ether ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira, mankhwala opha tizilombo ndi ma surfactants, pakati pa ena. Muzaulimi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fumigants kuteteza mbewu zosungidwa ku tizirombo ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. ether imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma epoxy resins, zomatira ndi zomangira.
Ma Ketoni ndi esters ali ndi ntchito zambiri mu organic chemistry ndipo amamanga njira zama mafakitale ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ma ketones amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira, popanga mankhwala ndi ma polima. Komano, esters amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani onunkhiritsa ndi zodzoladzola, monga zokometsera m'makampani azakudya, monga zosungunulira, komanso penti ndi zokutira.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-14-2023
